Showing posts with label breast implant surgery. Show all posts
Showing posts with label breast implant surgery. Show all posts

Monday, May 21, 2012

Things You Should Know During Your Breast Augmentation Recovery





Of course you are fully aware that breast augmentation, as with any cosmetic surgery, involves weeks of recovery.  However, you may be surprise that “weird” things—but still considered normal by plastic surgeons—may happen during your healing time.
If you are considering breast implant surgery, these are some of the things you might want to know about:
*  Squeaks and gushes in your breasts
In case that you hear these weird noises coming from your augmented breasts, don’t be alarmed since these are usually caused by air bubbles and/or fluid build-up within the implant pocket.
The buzzing, gurgling, and crackling noises that typically last a few weeks may also be caused by implants as they settle to their natural position.
*  Exaggerated fullness in the upper poles
If the upper poles of your breasts appear unusually round (which gives you the operated, fake look), don’t worry because weeks or months following your breast augmentation, the implants will settle to their natural position.
Some plastic surgeons recommend breast massage and compression exercise after the incision site is completely healed.  The theory is that massaging the breasts would allow the implants to settle naturally, and prevent the scar tissue around the devices to become too tight and dense.
In addition, it is not uncommon for the augmented breasts to be quite firm and sit high up on your chest.  In general, they will soften up and drop to a more natural position.
Your plastic surgeon may recommend strap or elastic bandage wrapped around the upper chest, under the arms, before reaching the top half of the breasts; in this way, the implants will go down.
* One breast sits higher on your chest
The breast implant on your dominant side (right- vs left-handed) may not drop as fast as the other one, leading to asymmetrical appearance.  If this happens, don’t worry since both implants will settle properly weeks or months after your breast augmentation surgery
*  Oversensitive nipples
More often than not, oversensitive nipple (right after breast augmentation) is associated with some “erection” which further aggravates the sensitivity.  For this reason, don’t be surprised if your plastic surgeon recommends using Band-Aid (especially if you have large ones) or nursing pads that will protect the area from the abrasiveness of your clothing.
* Numbness in the nipples
While some patients experience oversensitive nipples, others complain about numbness in the area, which is also something normal during the first few weeks or months following the surgery.
For most women, the sensation returns although the process often involves some itchiness, heat, tingling, and sometimes pains, which are all temporary. 

Tuesday, May 15, 2012

Knowing If Breast Implant Surgery Is Right for You



For the past couple of years, breast implant surgery has been the most sought-after aesthetic operation that in 2011 alone, about 307,000 procedures were performed, according to survey released by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
But despite the growing popularity of breast implant surgery, not all people who desire to increase their bust size and/or want to achieve a more prominent cleavage are good candidates for this procedure.
As with any cosmetic surgery, breast augmentation involves some risks, recovery, and of course money.  For these reasons, you should be able to answer these questions before you consult a plastic surgeon:
*  Do you have “healthy” motivations?
If you want to undergo a cosmetic surgery, bear in mind that your motivations should be based on your personal happiness.  But if you want this to please other people (your partner or colleagues), you would most likely end up dissatisfied since physical improvements do not automatically result to “better relationships.”
*  Do you have realistic goals and expectations?
If you have very small breasts (double A cup), desiring to achieve a full D cup is definitely over the top.  Take note that because you have limited breast tissue and fat, “inappropriately” large implants can lead not just to fake look but also to higher risk of wrinkling/rippling and bottoming out.
*  Do you have enough money?
Because breast augmentation is an elective procedure, don’t expect that your health insurance will cover the surgical expenses; this means you have to spend your own savings or seek loans.
Aside from the surgical costs, you should also consider the possibility of a revision breast augmentation, MRI screening (if you would choose silicone implants), and other expenses after your operation.
*  Are you physically healthy?
Your plastic surgeon will interview you and ask you to undergo laboratory examinations to determine if you are healthy and are not suffering from medical conditions that may compromise your recovery.
Be as honest as you can, particularly when your doctor asks you about your previous surgeries, medical conditions, allergies, and current medications.  Also, you should tell the truth if your surgeon raises the topic of smoking and drinking habits.
*  Are you emotionally stable?
If you are emotionally stable and fully understand and accept the ramifications of having breast implant surgery, you can proceed with the procedure as long as you meet the other requirements.  But if you’re suffering from depression and other psychological and emotional issues, talking to a therapist is way better than consulting a plastic surgeon.

Tuesday, March 13, 2012

Breast Asymmetry and Implant Surgery



To some degree, both breasts are usually different in size although it is very minute that no one would even notice.  However, some women have pronounced asymmetry that makes it hard for them to choose clothing that would hide this aesthetic problem.

One way to address a noticeable case of asymmetry is through breast implant surgery.  In this procedure, a plastic surgeon will use either a saline- or silicone-filled implant to augment the smaller breast, which in turn leads to balance.

However, breast implant surgery is only ideal for patients who have no problem increasing their bust size; on the other hand, women who think that their asymmetrical breasts are too large can opt for reduction mammaplasty in which the tissue and fat of the larger breast are excised to make it smaller.

The advantage of using implants over performing breast lift is that it is possible to use less and shorter incisions, thereby the risk of visible scarring is almost not a concern. 

While it is possible to make an incision in the underarm and within the navel’s rim during breast implant surgery, these incision sites are not ideal when dealing with existing breast deformity.  This is because doctors have to work far away from the breasts, making it more difficult to create a balance appearance.

When dealing with asymmetry, it has become sacrosanct to use the peri-areolar technique in which a U-shaped incision around the edge of areola (dark pigmented skin around the nipple) is made; or breast crease approach in which a hidden incision is made within the skin fold where the breasts and chest meet.

In some cases, breast implant is performed in conjunction with breast lift particularly if there is some obvious sagging in one or both breasts.

The implant surgery, with or without breast lift, usually requires one to two weeks off from work.  However, patients should always bear in mind that residual swelling and tenderness often takes several months before they completely subside.

To support the new contour, most patients are required to wear a surgical support bra for several weeks.  This special garment also encourages quick recovery, leads to better contour, and minimizes swelling.

For at least two to four weeks, patients should avoid heavy lifting, pushing, arm extension, and rigorous activities.  However, it does not mean that they should remain sedentary during the entire recovery as doing so can exacerbate the swelling and may prolong the healing time.

As soon as possible, patients should take a gentle, short walk every day to encourage quick recovery and minimize swelling.


Thursday, February 23, 2012

Breast Augmentation to Treat Hypoplasia





Contrary to popular belief, breast augmentation surgery is not only used to improve the figure; for some women, this procedure is needed to address deformities such as hypoplasia in which one or both breasts never mature properly.

Many women with this condition suffer from emotional pain because the breasts have always been associated with femininity and sensuality.  Fortunately though, most cases can be corrected by breast implant surgery; and because it is performed as a reconstructive procedure, insurance reimbursement is often possible. 

There are many factors which can lead to breast hypoplasia including hormone abnormalities.  If this is the problem, hormone therapy might resolve the condition and allow the breast tissue to develop normally. 

Hypoplasia can also be the result of systemic disorders, which must be addressed immediately while the patient is still young to increase the success rate of the treatment.  And for some, the problem may have originated from the damaged or injured undeveloped breast bud.

In some cases, underdeveloped breasts are caused by anorexia.  By simply addressing this underlying problem, most patients can develop normal breasts right after they regain their normal weight.

As much as possible, doctors treat the underlying problem before they even consider breast augmentation surgery.  However, there are cases in which the patients show no particular reason why their breasts never developed normally; in general, these women are good candidates for plastic surgery.

But even if the underlying problem has been resolved, some patients with hypoplasia will not be able to form a normal breast unless they will undergo breast augmentation.  This is because the delicate breast bud, once damaged at an early age, may never recover and lead to underdeveloped bosom. 

Patients with breast hypoplasia have a chest with a juvenile appearance.  And because of lack of anatomical maturity, the condition will often affect the breastfeeding, although some women have normal or limited mammary function.    

While breast augmentation surgery can correct the aesthetic problem caused by hypoplasia, it cannot help women who have no breastfeeding ability and those who lack sensory responses in their breasts.  But at least the look and feel of their breasts will be normal, helping them to overcome emotional and psychological issues caused by aesthetically immature breasts.  

Because hypoplasia patients lack breast tissue, silicone breast implant is more ideal than the saline version because it can mimic the feel and look of natural breasts.  In addition, choosing this type of implant can reduce the risk of palpable and visible rippling.




Wednesday, February 15, 2012

Breastfeeding After Augmentation Mammaplasty




One of the most common concerns of patients considering breast augmentation is its effect on breastfeeding.  However, many studies have suggested the surgery does not prevent women from producing milk.

Is It Possible to Breastfeed After Breast Augmentation?

Breast augmentation patients will most likely be able to breastfeed their babies following the surgery, particularly if the incision is made along the breast crease and armpit.  However, a U-shaped incision around the edge of areola may increase the risk of having breastfeeding problems because the technique causes more trauma to the glands, nerves, and ducts.

Can Silicone Implants Contaminate the Milk?

Breast implants do not pose contamination risk to babies; in fact, the milk produced by a woman with siliconeimplants has a significantly less amount of silicone than formula milk.

Potential Problem

Patients should know that breast augmentation does not prevent them from producing milk, although there is a risk of having less sensitive nipples, which in turn may lead to difficulty in breastfeeding.  Fortunately, a study has suggested that five years after breast surgery, most of the damaged nerves have already been repaired by the body, significantly improving the ability to breastfeed.

Why Some Patients Can’t Nurse Their Babies

It’s not about inability to breastfeed, but more on the unwillingness of some women to nurse their babies.  According to a recent study conducted by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), women with breast implants who think that breastfeeding can lead to sagging breasts are less likely to do this successfully.

However, the ASPS said that breastfeeding does not affect the result of breast implant surgery and even highlighted the significant health advantages for both baby and mother.

Solution for Those Experiencing Difficulty in Breastfeeding

Women with breast implants should tell her child’s pediatrician about the surgery; in this way, the doctor can keep a close eye on the baby’s weight and make sure he or she is getting enough milk.

But for patients who had breast augmentation to address hypoplasia or underdeveloped breasts, they may experience trouble producing enough milk.  For these mothers, they are often advised to use pump after each nursing session to stimulate production.  But if this is not enough, they should use formula milk or donor milk.

Should Breast Augmentation Be Postponed?

Some plastic surgeons recommend postponing breast implant surgery for women who are considering having babies since pregnancy may change the appearance of their breasts.

Tuesday, February 14, 2012

Liposuction for Breast Reduction





Liposuction surgery is often used to remove the fats in the abdominal area, however, what many people don’t know is that the procedure can also serve as a replacement for traditional breast reduction.  When given to the right patient, it can reduce the size of female breasts by more than 50 percent.

In many cases, liposuction can also have a slight to moderate lifting effect because it can remove the weight of the excess fats.

Compared to the traditional breast reduction in which the excess fats, glandular tissue, and skin are removed, liposuction is less invasive; in fact, most patients can resume to most of their daily activities two to three days after the procedure.

But perhaps the most notable advantage of liposuction over traditional breast reduction surgery is that the risk of scar is almost eliminated.  This is possible because plastic surgeons only use a few small round incisions where they insert a pen-like device that suctions out the fats.

Some women achieve better results than others after breast reduction via liposuction, especially those whose breast enlargement is primarily caused by excess fats rather than tissue.  Many doctors have noticed that patients who have passed through their menopause tend to have more glandular fats than teenagers, making them a great candidate for this procedure.

However, younger women may also enjoy the benefits of breast reduction via liposuction as long as the excess fat is one of the contributing factors of their breast enlargement.  To determine the amount of glandular fats, most doctors require their patients to undergo mammogram.

But still, not all women with exceedingly large breasts are a good candidate for liposuction.  Those with macromastia—a condition in which the breasts are extremely big due to abnormal development of the glandular tissue—will likely need the excision-based breast reduction surgery.

Thin women with excessively large breasts often have more glandular tissue and little fats, making them a bad candidate for liposuction.  For these patients, only the excision-based breast reduction can provide them good results.

After liposuction, the result is a smaller version of the breasts; however, patients should remember that the procedure cannot change the shape of the bosom. 

In many cases, it can also create a slight to moderate lifting effect because the weight of the excess fats is remove, though patients should remember that the final result also depends on the elasticity of their breast’s suspensory ligaments.

Because there is only minimal trauma to the glands and nerve, there is little chance that breast reduction via liposuction will affect breastfeeding.

Thursday, February 2, 2012

Poll Shows Breast Surgery Improves Sex Life





Women who have received breast enhancement surgeries such as augmentation and mastopexy (or breastlift) have reported better sex life and higher satisfaction after the procedures, according to a survey conducted by RealSelf.com, a popular online forum that tackles plastic surgeries and cosmetic treatments.

On average, respondents claimed that breast enhancement surgery have increased their sex life satisfaction by 34 percent, while 61 percent said they had sex more frequently after the procedure.

By contrast, only 7 percent of the respondents said they had fewer sexual encounters after their breast augmentation or breast lift surgery.

On a scale of one to ten, one being the lowest satisfaction rate, patients experienced more than a two-point increase in their overall sex life satisfaction following their breast enhancement surgery.

Before the procedure, the average sex life satisfaction score was 6.07 and then jumped to 8.13 after the surgery.

While about 70 percent of respondents said that their overall sex life has improved, 28 percent said that breast surgery did not change anything.

Currently, the average cost of breast augmentation and breast lift in the US is $6,000 and $10,000, respectively.  But despite the procedures’ relatively high price, a number of patients seeking them has increased over the past couple of years.

In the US alone, about 296,000 patients had breast implant surgery in 2010.  Meanwhile, it has been estimated that 5 to 10 million people worldwide have augmentation surgery for cosmetic reasons, although a significant number of them also had the procedure to reconstruct their breasts after mastectomy or to transition from male to female gender.

On the other hand, approximately 90,000 breast lift surgeries were performed in the US in 2010 alone.

Dr. Tarick Smaili, one of the leading Los Angeles plastic surgeons, said he is expecting breast enhancements, particularly augmentation surgery, to further increase their popularity in the coming years.

“I think that the changing perception with cosmetic plastic surgery is the main reason why breast enhancements are enjoying their popularity.  Considered to be a taboo in the previous years, people are now more open to the idea that we have the freedom and the right tool to modify and improve our physical appearance,” Smaili said.

However, the cosmetic surgeon warned that not all people who want to have some “physical improvements” are good candidates for cosmetic surgeries.

“Of course there are many things to consider.  Does she have realistic goals and expectations?  Is she physically and psychologically healthy?  These are just some of the factors plastic surgeons would have to consider before taking any surgical step, particularly if it involves elective and cosmetic procedures,” Smaili added. 


Monday, January 23, 2012

Celebrity Body-Builder to Downsize Her Breast Implants






In a recent interview, celebrity body-builder Jodie Marsh said she wants to downside her breast implants with a revision plastic surgery that is going to be performed this year.  Her decision to get another “boob job” came after dropping to a size 6 over the past couple of months.

The British tv personality, who has appeared topless on numerous tabloid newspapers, was quoted saying that her large implants seem out of proportion with her smaller body-frame.  In fact, she even admitted to “lifting her breasts” during body-building competitions because they hide the “first couple of rows of her abs.”

Meanwhile, Dr. TarickSmaili, a cosmetic surgeon who did not treat Marsh, said that he is seeing more patients wanting to downside their breasts in order to achieve a more natural look.

“In general, very large breast implants lead to the heavy top look which often looks unnatural, especially if you have a small frame and limited chest width.  Surprisingly, this was a trend during the previous years although I am now seeing that many patients are opting to replace their implants with smaller ones to look natural,” Smaili said.

Another concern with extremely large breast implants, Smaili said, is that the patients are at higher risk of rippling, which is more of a problem if they have a limited amount of breast tissue and fats to cover the implant shell.

Citing the body-builder’s recent photo, Smaili said that her upper and medial cleavage has some visible rippling, which the doctor explained is caused by implants that are too large for her body.

Marsh is not the only celebrity who is shifting to the natural look.  In fact, Denise Richards and Pamela Anderson have been reported to undergo a revision breast augmentation to downsize their implants.

Another good example is Kate Hudson who has been reported to have plastic surgery in 2010 to receive small breast implants that no one would even be able to tell she have them if not for her previous videos and photos.

Going back to Marsh, she previously said that she was concerned if she had the controversial PIP breast implants which have been pulled out in the UK market and other countries after findings suggest the devices have a very high failure rate.

However, she did not mention if her decision to replace her breast implants with smaller ones has also something to do with the controversial PIP devices.

Thursday, January 19, 2012

Did Cameron Diaz Undergo Breast Implant Surgery?


Hollywood sweetheart Cameron Diaz has recently been the center of rumors.  According to some showbiz news reports, the actress may have received breast augmentation surgery after a recent photo shows her seemingly larger bust size while wearing a tiny bikini.

The 39-year-old actress was spotted on the Hawaiian beach during the holiday with a more toned and shapelier body.  Some experts have said that she may have increased her bust size by a cup.

While Diaz’s body appears to be shapelier than the previous years, some people are really not convinced if she had the procedure as the increase in her bust size was not as significant as compared to other celebrities who have gone under the surgical knife.  In fact, some bloggers even said that a slight weight gain may be the primary reason for the actress’ improved figure.

During previous interviews, Diaz was quoted saying that she would love to have a curvier figure, something she said she was not “naturally gifted.”

Meanwhile, the actress was not a first-timer in plastic surgery.  In 2006, she had rhinoplasty or nose surgery after sustaining injuries; however, the Hollywood star said she would rule out cosmetic surgery.

Whether Diaz has gone under the knife or just gained some weight that resulted to a shapelier figure, it is really hard to tell since the increase in her bust size was not dramatic.  And because the actress has brushed off rumors of her alleged breast augmentation surgery, the only thing people can do is speculate.

But assuming that Diaz had breast implant surgery, her decision to choose smaller implants is commendable as it resulted to a very natural appearance rather than looking “heavy” on top. 

Meanwhile, Dr. Tarick Smaili said that he is seeing more and more women opting for the natural look.

“I see that the growing trend is having smaller implants so the results will be natural that it would be hard or even impossible to tell if a woman has undergone plastic surgery or not.  In fact, we’ve seen Hollywood celebrities such as Denise Richards and Pamela Anderson downsizing their bust size with another augmentation surgery,” the leading cosmetic surgeon said.

During the previous years, the actress has been accused of yoyo dieting that left her with a very thin frame and flat chest.  But after she gained some weight, she now looks healthier and shapelier than the previous years.

Friday, January 6, 2012

Best and Worst Celebrity Plastic Surgery 2011





The year 2011 has ended great or worse for some celebrities who have always been the most ardent patrons of cosmetic plastic surgery.  While some have managed to improve their looks, others have fallen into their obsession and ended up with a not-so-flattering appearance.

This is a list of best and worst celebrity cosmetic surgery of 2011:

·         Lil’ Kim

She used to look naturally beautiful, but with bad plastic surgery, she ended up having too prominent cheeks and a too pointy nose that almost resembles that of the late King of Pop Michael Jackson.

Another notable change is her bust size.  However, it seems that the 4’11” singer has gone overboard with her outrageously large breastimplants.  It could have been better if she chose smaller ones to fit her petite frame.

·         Kate Hudson

Kate Hudson is a perfect example of a good breast augmentation surgery.  She only asked for small breast implants to better fit her petite frame, giving her a nice B cup from a “double A.”  Because of the natural look she has achieved, not everyone is even convinced that she had plastic surgery, with some even saying that she might have started using “good” push-up bras.

While Kate has not yet confirmed if she went under the knife, her previous photos show the “subtle” improvements.

·         Ashlee Simpson

Her previous nose was too large.  But with a good rhinoplasty surgeon, she now has a smaller, delicate-looking nose that complements her face.  However, the singer is still denying having plastic surgery.

·         Joan Rivers

Over the past several years, television personality Joan Rivers has always been included in the list of worst plastic surgery.  But despite the notoriety of her obsession, she still continues to make some “tweaks” here and there that it is hard to tell how many cosmetic surgeries she had and is planning to have.

·         Jane Fonda

Joan Rivers should learn from Jane Fonda who had facelift, eyelid lift, and necklift.  The actress looks younger and refreshed nowadays, without looking like a wind just blew her face—a manifestation of bad facial plastic surgery.

·         Donatella Versace

The Italian fashion designer may be talented in making fashionable clothes but is probably clueless when it comes to “ideal beauty.”  With her swollen, stretched out lips and her unflattering tan, or sometimes orange complexion, she definitely looks “unglamorous.”

·         Megan Fox

While the sultry actress has repeatedly denied having plastic surgery, it is really hard to refute that her looks are solely from good genes.  Some doctors claim that she had nose job and eyelid surgery to make herself one of the most gorgeous celebrities in Hollywood.  But even if the cosmetic procedures are just plain rumors or real—and her appearance is just created by talented makeup artists and good photoshop skills—she looks stunningly beautiful.

·         Heidi Montag

The reality tv star admitted to have had 10 plastic surgeries in one day.  In 2010, she had buttock augmentation, breast implant surgery, brow lift, Botox injection on her forehead, liposuction on her midsection, neck liposuction, fat injection on her face, chin reduction, ear pinning, and nose job.

But just after several months of her extreme makeover, she said during an interview that she regretted her surgeries.

·         Jennifer Aniston

The actress has previously admitted to have had nose surgeries, although she claimed that these were done to correct her deviated septum, which is the strip of tissue separating the two nostrils.  But whether she had the procedures for cosmetic or reconstructive reasons, she looks more gorgeous these days.

·         Nadya Suleman

The “Octomom” had tummytuck surgery after giving birth to octuplets.  However, her plastic surgeon had probably gone overboard as her abdomen now appears too flat that it has no definition or contour.  Plus, her navel looks like it was created by making a vertical slit, making it hard to deny that she had the procedure.

·         Lisa Rinna

The television host and actress had definitely joined the bandwagon of celebrities with a larger-than-life lip.  While this is a growing trend among famous people, any self-respecting plastic surgeon would definitely not agree with the swollen, stretched out lips.

Also, Lisa’s multiple facial plastic surgeries left her with an unnaturally smooth, windswept appearance.  Meanwhile, she was quoted saying in 2009 that she regretted going overboard with cosmetic procedures.

·         Jocelyn Wildenstein

The wealthy socialite, dubbed as the “Lion Queen” and the “Cat Lady,” has been reported to spend a whopping $4 million just to look like a feline.  For several years, she has managed to make it to the list of worst plastic surgery.

·         Ellen DeGeneres

While Ellen has not yet confirmed if she had plasticsurgery, it is hard to deny that she looks younger and refreshed nowadays.  Some cosmetic surgeons assume that she may have had facelift, eyelid lift, laser skin resurfacing, Botox, and/or neck lift. 

Ellen is a perfect example of “natural look” after facial plastic surgery.




Tuesday, January 3, 2012

Breast Surgery Improves Post-Cancer Patients’ Emotional Well-Being


Reconstructive breast surgery is an important part of recovery after battling with breast cancer.  This procedure is performed beyond cosmetic reason as breasts have always been associated with womanhood and sexuality; for this reason, diseases and invasive surgeries that result to deformities can have a huge impact to a patient’s emotional health.
Meanwhile, breast reconstruction is either performed via breast implants and/or tissue-based method. 
According to a 2011 study published in Cancer, the official journal of the American Cancer Society, women who have undergone breast reconstruction in which the tissue was grafted from the abdomen have experienced significant gains in social, sexual, and psychological well-being.
The researchers believe their findings can help women suffering from breast cancer to decide if reconstructive plastic surgery can be a part of their recovery.
The study, which involved 51 women who had free MS-TRAM or DIEP flap reconstruction (tissue grafted from the abdomen to create a breast mound), shows the positive emotional impact of reconstructive breast surgery on post-cancer patients.  However, one downside is that majority have experienced muscle weakness in the abdominal area.
Some patients may have reconstructive plastic surgery right after their mastectomy, a procedure that completely or partially removes the breasts.  However, others have to wait for a couple of months to make sure that their body has already fully recovered from the trauma caused by the initial surgery.
If there is a significant deformity, most plastic surgeons recommend tissue-based grafting in which they use a patient’s own tissue from the abdomen to create a breast mound.  Meanwhile, the buttocks and back can also serve as a donor site to form new breast/s.
On the other hand, breast implant surgery may be enough for some patients especially if the initial surgery has left them with enough amount of breast tissue.  This technique often leads to less scarring than if the tissue-based method is used, although it is not recommended for those who are left with little or no tissue.
One downside of implant surgery is that the breast which is not treated may “age” at a different pace than the one with the implant, resulting to asymmetrical look.  For this reason, some patients may be recommended to have breast lift or other surgeries that can create a balance appearance.
Contrary to popular belief, breast implants do not pose a significant risk to post-cancer patients.  First and foremost, there is a very little chance of cancer recurrence on the breasts that have already been treated with mastectomy.